A Critical Examination Of Graphene And Its Remarkable Physical Properties In Two-Dimensional Systems

Abstract

Graphene, a single-atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) allotrope of carbon arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice, has fundamentally transformed condensed matter physics and materials science since its experimental isolation in 2004. This paper critically examines graphene's extraordinary physical properties within the framework of two-dimensional systems, focusing on its electronic, mechanical, thermal, and optical characteristics. A systematic documentary review methodology was employed, consolidating quantitative experimental data from peer-reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2024. The central hypothesis posits that graphene's sp²-hybridized carbon bond network and zero-bandgap Dirac fermion electronic structure collectively produce property values unmatched by any single conventional material. Results confirm electron mobility up to 200,000 cm²/V·s, thermal conductivity between 3,000–5,000 W/m·K, a Young's modulus of approximately 1 TPa, and optical transmittance of ~97.7%. Comparative analysis against MoS₂, h-BN, and bulk references validates this hypothesis. Findings underscore graphene's continued scientific and technological relevance across electronics, energy storage, photonics, and nanomechanics research.

DOI: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2026-25621824